Lectures



Present One
2020-21     Magnetic fluids: basics and applications
    Environmental measurement technology

Previous Ones
1998-99     Properties of magnetic fluids
1999     Ferrofluids
2000-01     Physics I for mathematicians
2001-02     Physics II for mathematicians
2003-04     Technical fluid dynamics for engineers
2008-09     Theory of magnetic fluids
2009-10     Theory of magnetic fluids
2010-11     Theory of magnetic fluids
2013     Theory of magnetic fluids
2018-19     Measurement and sensor technology
    Environmental measurement technology
2019-20     Measurement and sensor technology
    Environmental measurement technology


Environmental measurement technology

0. General remarks
0.1. Presentation of myself
0.2. Subject of this part of lecture series concerning methods of measuring

1. Measurement of ionizing radiation
1.1. Physical effects and units
1.2. Methods of measurement
1.2.1. Ionization chamber
1.2.2. Geiger Müller counter tube
1.2.3. Scintillation counter
1.2.4. Semiconductor radiation detectors
1.3. Measurement of environmental radioactivity

2. Measurement of particle concentration
2.1. Optical methods
2.2. Mechanical methods

3. Icing sensors

4. Measurement of gas concentrations
4.1. Chemical methods
4.1.1. Dräger tubes
4.1.2. Heat tone sensor
4.1.3. Flame ionization measurement
4.2. Physical methods
4.2.1. Solid state ion conductor
4.2.2. Ring chamber oxygen sensor
4.3. Optical methods
4.3.1. Transmission
4.3.2. Absorption
4.3.3. Emission


Magnetic fluids: basics and applications

1. Introduction

Theory of magnetic fluids

1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation
1.2. Repetition: Electrodynamics of Continuous Media
1.3. What are magnetic fluids (MF)?
--> Applications of MF
1.4. Stability of MF
--> Preparation of MF

2. Physical properties of MF
2.1. Magnetic relaxation
2.2. Magnetization M
--> Langevin function
2.3. Density, viscosity, material coefficients

3. Thermodynamic relations and the magnetic stress tensor
3.1. Thermodynamic relations
3.2. The magnetic stress tensor
3.3. The magnetocaloric effect

4. Basic equations of MF
4.1. Equation of continuity
4.2. Navier-Stokes equation
--> magneto-dynamic and magneto-static force
4.3. Alternative forms of the Navier-Stokes equation
--> fluid-magnetic and magneto-restrictive pressure
--> Kelvin body force
4.4. Maxwell equation
4.5. Equation of heat transfer
4.6. Boundary conditions
--> magnetic pressure jump

5. Statics of MF
5.1. Mechanical equilibrium condition
5.2. Floating of nonmagnetic bodies in MF
5.3. Floating of magnetic bodies in MF

6. Equilibrium surface shape of static MF
6.1. Bernoulli equation for MF
6.2. Linear, cylindrical conductor in a MF
6.3. MF droplet in a magnet field
6.4. MF-Peak approximation by a conical tip
--> Taylor cone

7. Dynamical surface phenomena of MF
7.1. Dispersion relation of surface waves in MF
--> for viscous MF of finite and infinite depth as well as for inviscid MF of infinite depth


Measurement and sensor technology

0. Preliminary remarks
0.1. Presentation of myself
0.2. Structure of the course

1. Basic concepts of measurement and sensor technology
1.1. Subject of measurement technology
1.2. Importance of measurement technology
1.3. Some remarks about the historical development of measurement technology
1.4. Units of measurement

2. Measurement of electrical quantities
2.1. Measurement of current and voltage
2.1.1. Measurement of voltage
2.1.2. Measurement of current
2.2. Measurement of Ohmic resistors
2.3. Bridge circuits
2.3.1. Wheatstone bridge
2.3.2. Measurement of alternating current resistances

3. Measurement of non-electrical quantities - strain measurement
3.1. Metal strain gauge
3.2. Semiconductor strain gauge
3.3. Use of strain gauges in stress analysis
3.3.1. Measurement of bending stresses
3.3.2. Measurement of torsional stresses
3.4. Examples for the use of strain gauges in wind power plants

4. Analysis of measurement inaccuracies
4.1. Classification of measurement inaccuracies
4.2. Direct measurement with constant accuracy
4.2.1. Gaussian distribution
4.2.2. Mean value and mean error
4.2.3. Declaration of measurement inaccuracy
4.2.4. Student's t-distribution
4.3. Direct measurement with variable accuracy
4.4. Once measured quantities; classes of inaccuracy
4.5. Combined quantities
4.5.1. Determination of  y,
4.5.2. Determination of  Δy
4.5.3. Special cases
4.6. Functional relationships
4.6.1. Covariance and correlation coefficient
4.6.2. Least square fit

5. Measurement of non-electrical quantities - temperature
5.1. Resistance changes
5.1.1. Metal resistors
5.1.2. Semiconductor sensors
5.3. Thermography, thermal imaging camera

6. Digital image processing
6.1. Digital images, data formats
6.2. Generation of digital images
6.2.1. Linearity
6.2.2. Determination of resolution, diffraction phenomena
6.3. Processing of digital images
6.3.1. Pre-processing
6.3.2. Image analysis
6.4. Color spaces

7. Measurement of non-electrical quantities - mechanical quantities
7.1. Measurement of forces
7.2. Measurement of distances
7.2.1. Capacitive displacement transducers
7.2.2. Inductive displacement transducers
7.2.3. Resistive displacement transducers
7.2.4. Incremental displacement transducers
7.2.5. Measurement of angles
7.3. Measurement of pressure
7.3.1. Direct pressure measurement methods
7.3.2. Indirect pressure measurement methods
7.3.4. Pressure measurement in rotating systems
7.3.4. Sound pressure measurement

8. Measurement of non-electrical quantities - flow measurement
8.1. Volume counters
8.2. Measurements by suspended bodies
8.3. Measurements of velocities
8.3.1. Pitot tube and Prandt's pitot tube
8.3.2. Standard throttle devices
8.3.3. Ultrasonic techniques


Technical Fluid Dynamics

1. Introduction and basics
1.1. Subject
1.2. Physical basics and units
1.3. Hydrostatics
1.4. Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

2. Flow of ideal fluids
2.1. Equation of energy
2.2. Static and dynamic pressure, paradox of d'Alembert
2.3. Bernoulli equation, open channel flow

3. Flow of real fluids
3.1. Viscosity, fluid friction
3.2. Similarity theory, characteristic dimensionless numbers of flows
3.3. Typs of flow

4. Extended energy (Bernoulli) equation of real fluids
4.1. Bernoulli equation extended by loss element
4.2. Losses in piping systems (ζ factor)
4.3. Outlet losses from openings
4.4. Losses in channels
4.5. Bernoulli equation extended by working element

5. Flow losses in pipelines
5.1. Flow losses with laminar pipe flow
5.2. Flow losses with turbulent pipe flow
5.3. Pipe friction coefficient λ
5.4. Flow through non-round cross-sections
5.5. Flow losses due to cross-sectional and directional changes
5.5.1. Fittings for changes of direction
5.5.1.1. Bends
5.5.1.2. Bucklings
5.5.1.3. Pipe inlets
5.5.1.4. Expansion compensator
5.5.2. Fittings for cross-sectional changes
5.5.2.1. Unsteady cross-sectional expansions
5.5.2.2. Steady cross-sectional expansions
5.5.2.3. Unsteady cross-section reductions
5.5.2.4. Steady cross-section reductions
5.5.3. Fittings for flow changes
5.5.3.1. T-fittings
5.5.3.2. Branch pieces
5.5.4. Shut-off, control and measuring devices
5.5.4.1. Valves and gates
5.5.4.2. Throttle devices

6. Flow with change of volume
6.1. Pressure curve for tube flow of gaseous fluids
6.2. Equation of energy of gaseous fluids
6.3. Outflows from outlets

7. Force effect during flow processes
7.1. Flow forces in pipe bends
7.2. Jet impact forces
7.2.1. Straight impact against fixed wall
7.2.2. Oblique impact against fixed wall
7.2.3. Straight impact against curved plate
7.3. Principle of angular momentum


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